In Iran, sharing photos on mobile apps can mean jail

The tattooed young Iranian initially sparked wonder and some envy when pictures of him with scantily-clad, heavily made-up women, often more than one at a time, went viral.

In a morally conservative country, the obvious breach of a female dress code was one thing. The compromising poses the 14 women were captured in was another.

When the people who patrol Iran's heavily filtered Internet found out, the man known only as Vahid landed in jail.

Images of the women -- pouting at the camera and mostly wearing miniskirts and crop tops -- spread via smartphones, triggering both ridicule and outrage in the Islamic republic.

Jokes about Vahid -- the authorities have not released his surname -- proliferated yet he remains in custody and could be prosecuted.

The scandal has also provoked a wider debate about smartphone use and the technology used to share content.

The pictures -- and rumours about the main protagonist -- spread rapidly on Telegram, the free-to-download instant messaging app.
Vahid, a 30-year-old real estate agent, was quickly -- and wrongly -- said to own a Maserati and expensive villa in northern Tehran.

As if the infamy was not bad enough -- one media outlet dubbed him Don Juan -- matters worsened when he took to Telegram again to say his phone had been stolen, claiming the women were his sisters and arguing that his privacy was invaded.

"Posting that video was the biggest mistake of my life," he was later quoted as saying in an apologetic media appearance after being arrested by Iran's Cyber Police. The force has wide powers to screen the Internet for content deemed un-Islamic.

In the past eight months, 609 men and 114 women have been arrested for cyber crimes because of alleged "economic, moral and social" transgressions, official figures show.

- 'Immoral content' -

No report of Vahid's phone being stolen was ever filed, according to police, and his plight has darkened since he was detained and publicly shamed with pictures of him in handcuffs and head in hands making the front page of several newspapers.

The case has become a cause celebre among Telegram's opponents, who say the app and others such as WhatsApp and Viber, all used by millions, spread "immoral content" from the West into the minds of Iranians.
Telegram is the most popular messaging service in Iran. Children and teenagers use it to chat while youths organise their social and love lives on it. Even grandmothers share recipes on the app, often via its thousands of interest groups.

But the problems in controlling shared content could lead to access being restricted.

"If Telegram doesn't take proper measures to comply with our laws within a short time, this body will move to filter it," Abdul Samad Khorram Abadi, secretary of Iran's Committee for Specifying Cyber Crimes, said last month.

The committee is Iran's highest IT regulator and it decides which websites and services to censor.

Facebook and Twitter remain blocked in Iran but are accessed by millions using easily available software.

Telegram's rise poses a deeper dilemma -- even the office of the country's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, runs public service channels on it, which, presumably, would lose their purpose if the app was shut down and no-one in Iran could use it.
It also skirts other restrictions -- a banned satellite television channel has attracted 800,000 subscribers on its Telegram channel, where comic material is easily shared.

Hassan Rouhani, Iran's moderate president, has spoken regularly about how attempts to block websites do not work. With Internet use rising each year among a population of 78 million, he has said a fresh approach is needed to tackle abuse.

State intervention, however, remains prominent.

When Telegram was asked in September to stop "harmful" content reaching Iran, the company took appropriate measures, according to Iran's Telecommunications Minister Mahmoud Vaezi.

But when new pornographic content surfaced, the app's owner Pavel Durov accused Iran of blocking the service, only to apologise later when it emerged that bandwidth problems were to blame.

The debate over inappropriate content has also triggered conspiracy theories about Telegram and calls for a clampdown.

"Telegram's headquarters are in Israel and their servers are in the UK," Ruhollah Momeninasab, an IT specialist, said in a debate on national television this month.

The Berlin-based company rejected the remarks regarding Iran's arch-foe, saying it had "no connection at all" to Israel.

- 'My life will be destroyed' -

With a high-level of smartphone use and 70 percent of Iran's population having access to the Internet, mobile apps have transformed social lives.

Masiha, 47, a housewife, runs two small Telegram groups, one "for the ladies" and one "mixed group for positive thinking and psychology".

"I spend most of my spare time here," she said.

Fatemeh, 21, a sociology student, is much the same.

"I mostly use Telegram to share content with my classmates and chat with my friends."

Vahid's case, however, has shown how private lives can quickly become public with unintended consequences.

As well as facing possible criminal charges, several of the women he was pictured with have launched legal action against him, saying they were duped.

"I had no relations with him," said Rojin, 23, noting that when she saw the pictures on social media she telephoned Vahid, and told him: "I either get really famous with this or my life will be destroyed."