China abolishes labour camps and loosens 1-child policy

China's top legislative committee on Saturday formally abolished the country's "re-education through labour" camps and approved a loosening of its one-child policy, state media reported. The decisions were taken by the standing committee of the National People's Congress, China's rubber-stamp parliament, at the conclusion of a six-day meeting, according to Xinhua news agency. The approval to end the labour camps, introduced more than half a century ago, closes the curtain on a dark aspect of the country's modern history long criticised by human rights groups and which Chinese authorities admit is no longer viable. China began re-education through labour in 1957 as a speedy way to handle petty offenders. But the system -- which allows a police panel to issue sentences of up to four years without trial -- soon became rife with abuse. State media have cited the development of China's legal system as making the camps "superfluous", with their "historical mission" having come to an end. But campaigners have questioned whether the move to shutter the camps is simply a cosmetic change and are closely watching whether they are substituted with new forms of control. The decisions came just days after the standing committee had expressed support for them and following promises by the ruling Communist Party at its Third Plenum meeting last month. Legislative approval was formally required to put them into effect. One of the moves was to widen existing exceptions to the one-child policy to allow couples where either parent has no siblings to have two children. The family planning policy was imposed more than three decades ago to prevent overpopulation in the world's most populous nation. China argues the limit kept population growth in check and supported the country's rapid development that has seen it soar from mass poverty to become the world's second-largest economy. But enforcement of the policy has at times been excessive. The public was outraged last year when photos circulated online of a woman forced to abort her baby seven months into her pregnancy. Now China faces looming demographic challenges, including a rapidly increasing elderly population, a shrinking labour force and male-female imbalances. China's sex ratio has risen to 115 boys for every 100 girls, while the working population began to drop last year, Xinhua said earlier. The birth rate has fallen to about 1.5 since the 1990s, well below the replacement rate, it added. But while the loosening -- estimated to apply to around 10 million couples -- has been welcomed critics say that the state has retained the principle of deciding itself how many children people should have. The widely expected moves came after the standing committee on Tuesday had expressed support for the changes. The Third Plenum meeting has historically been an occasion for the ruling party to expand reforms, and was the first such gathering since Xi Jinping took over as head of the party in November last year as part of a once-a-decade change in power. The party also pledged at the meeting to reduce the scope of the death penalty "step by step" -- China is the world's biggest judicial executioner -- accelerate reforms to the household registration system and loosen controls on the economy by giving markets a "decisive" role in the allocation of resources.