Youth unemployment stirs debate on Swedish model

When Adam Lundborg, a 25 year-old business graduate, began handing out flyers on a busy shopping street in central Stockholm this summer, he was selling a product he knew better than most: himself. The leaflets featured a short presentation of Lundborg and the type of jobs he was looking for: "any challenges you throw my way." "I graduated from university with top grades, but when I entered the job market it was like hitting a brick wall," he said. On his second day of job hunting, Lundborg was offered a job by a company that had read about his plight in a newspaper. But the opening, described in the media as a "dream job", turned out to be a commission-based telemarketing position.He ended up resigning, choosing instead to spend his time calling chief executives at companies he'd like to work for, hoping to get a chance to introduce himself. Lundborg is victim of Sweden's persistently high youth unemployment, a hot-button issue in a country that prides itself on egalitarian policies, and that has weathered the financial crisis better than most. Although Sweden's export-driven economy is beginning to feel the effects of Europe's economic woes, it has posted strong growth since making a quick recovery from the 2008 recession. It also has a low level of government debt. But youth unemployment has remained above the European average, reaching a seasonally adjusted 23.0 percent in October, compared to 7.7 percent for the population as a whole, according to Statistics Sweden. Last year, Swedes aged 15 to 24 were more than four times more likely to be without work than the rest of the workforce, the highest ratio in Europe according to Eurostat. Even during the boom years before the crisis, Sweden's youth unemployment hovered around 25 percent. Last month one town, Soederhamn, went so far as to subsidise people between 18 and 28 to go look for work in Norway. Swedish employers place the blame squarely on the employment protection laws and high entry level wages championed by the country's powerful unions. "The barriers to entry to the job market are especially high in Sweden, leaving many young people on the sidelines," said Malin Sahlen, an economist at the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise, who on Tuesday released a book on the subject. In her book, Sahlen argues that the high cost of firing workers means employers are reluctant to hire people with little, or little known, experience, making it tougher for young people and immigrants to gain a foothold in the job market. They also bear the brunt of any job cuts in a downturn due to strictly enforced "last in, first out" selection criteria during redundancies. Moreover, the high level of pay for entry level jobs -- in Sweden set by collective bargaining, as opposed to a statutory minimum wage -- give companies little incentive to choose young people over more experienced candidates. It also encourages them to eliminate entry-level positions in order to cut costs, she said. The Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO), a close ally of the Social Democratic party, which dominated political life in Sweden for much of the past century, painted a very different picture, saying that the extent of the problem has been exaggerated. "Many of those between 15 and 19 who are registered as unemployed are full-time students looking for part-time work, and that group of people really isn't a problem," said Oscar Ernerot, an ombudsman at LO. "Sweden has a higher number of full-time students looking for part-time work," he added when asked about comparisons with countries that have a lower rate of youth unemployment. Out of those between 20 and 24 years old, the main problem was a growing number of people who have failed to complete their secondary education, and for whom there is little demand in the labour market, Ernerot added, referring to a dwindling number of unskilled labour jobs. The centre-right government should invest more in education and projects that would create jobs for those people, he argued. Stripping out full-time students and those who have been unemployed for less than a month, Sweden's youth unemployment would fall to around seven or eight percent, the LO ombudsman said. However, Sahlen maintained that the statistics were accurate. "It seems odd that Sweden should have more full-time students looking for part-time work than other countries do, given that they all measure unemployment in the same way," she said. While there is little political appetite to relax Sweden's labour laws, LO has signalled that it may back a government proposal on youth apprenticeships, under which young people would be paid less than is currently mandated by the unions. "It's not a lower salary, you get the same hourly wage," chairman Karl-Petter Thorwaldsson on Sunday told public broadcaster SVT, referring to a clause that says the apprentice has to spend 25 percent of the time studying. But he added: "Something isn't working. When young people leave school they are not getting the jobs they have been trained for." Meanwhile, Lundborg, the 25 year-old graduate, continues to look for work. "Many of the companies I speak to sound positive towards me as a person, but say they don't need any more staff," he said.