New insight into causes of Alzeimer's disease

More than 30 million people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer's disease Scientists at the Gladstone Institutes have unraveled a process by which depletion of a specific protein in the brain contributes to the memory problems associated with Alzheimer's disease. These findings provide new insights into the disease's development and may lead to new therapies that could benefit the millions of people worldwide suffering from Alzheimer's and other devastating neurological disorders.
The study, led by Gladstone Investigator Jorge J. Palop, PhD, revealed that low levels of a protein, called Nav1.1, disrupt the electrical activity between brain cells. Such activity is crucial for healthy brain function and memory. Indeed, the researchers found that restoring Nav1.1 levels in mice that were genetically modified to mimic key aspects of Alzheimer's disease (AD-mice) improved learning and memory functions and increased their lifespan. They report their findings in Cell, available online.
"It is estimated that more than 30 million people worldwide suffer from Alzheimer's disease and that number is expected to rise dramatically in the near future," said Lennart Mucke, MD, who directs neurological research at Gladstone, an independent and nonprofit biomedical-research organization. "This research improves our understanding of the biological processes that underlie cognitive dysfunction in this disease and could open the door for new therapeutic interventions."
The researchers' findings suggest that Nav1.1 levels in special regulatory nerve cells called parvalbumin cells, or PV cells, are essential to generate healthy brain-wave activity - and that problems in this process contribute to cognitive decline in AD-mice and possibly in patients with Alzheimer's.
In the brain, neurons form highly interconnected networks, using chemical and electrical signals to communicate with each other. The researchers investigated whether this communication between neurons is disrupted in AD-mice, and if so, how this may affect the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
To study this, they performed electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings - a technique that detects abnormalities in the brain's electrical waves such as those found in patients with epilepsy. They found that similar abnormalities emerged during periods of reduced gamma-wave oscillations - a type of brain wave that is crucial to regulating learning and memory.
"Like a conductor in an orchestra, PV cells regulate brain rhythms by precisely controlling excitatory brain activity," said Laure Verret, PhD, postdoctoral fellow and lead author. "We found that PV cells in patients with Alzheimer's and in AD-mice have low levels of the protein Nav1.1 - likely contributing to PV cell dysfunction. As a consequence, AD-mice had abnormal brain rhythms. By restoring Nav1.1 levels, we were able to re-establish normal brain function."
Indeed, the scientists found that increasing Nav1.1 levels in PV cells improves brain wave activity, learning, memory and survival rates in AD-mice.
"Enhancing Nav1.1 activity, and consequently improving PV cell function, may help in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders associated with gamma-wave alterations and cognitive impairments such as epilepsy, autism and schizophrenia," said Dr. Palop, who is also an assistant professor of neurology at the University of California, San Francisco, with which Gladstone is affiliated. "These findings may allow us to develop therapies to help patients with these devastating diseases."